Evaluation and Analysis of the Deployment of Green Communication Technology in GSM



Abstract Views
341

Downloads
363

Citations

Share

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##

Submitted Dec 31, 2019
Published Jan 11, 2020
10.24018/ejece.2020.4.1.169

Abstract viewed = 341 times

Table of Contents

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

This paper presents an evaluation and analysis of the deployment of green communication technology in Nigeria. Most base stations in Nigeria uses diesel generators to power their Cell Sites, this has been identified as a problem if not checked because it will continue to add to the Carbon dioxide emission in the atmosphere and hence the depletion of the ozone layer. Green Communication Technology was proposed to solve this problem. Energy deployed are photovoltaic and wind turbine (PV/WT) energy while diesel generator (DG) will still be used as a backup. With the use of hybrid technology (PV/WT/DG), carbon emission will be reduced by 70% or more, efficiency will be achieved.. The results obtained from this research work are based on economics cost, efficiency, power outputs per year and carbon emissions. , in terms of efficiency the DG only system has a mean efficiency output of 8.18% and mean efficiency of 25% while the proposed system has a mean efficiency output of 14.8% and a mean efficiency of 27.5% for PV and 21.3% of WT, electrical production of DG only is 119439kWh/yr while Hybrid Systems (HBS) has electricity production of 124,488kWh/yr, base on life cycle DG only system operate for 3yr and max of 8yrs while HBS operate for 25yrs above, the carbon emissions for DG only system for CO2, CO, NO2 are 75,033, 473, 444kg/yr respectively and HBS for CO2, CO, NO2 is 264, 1.79 and 2.04kg/yr respectively. From the result obtained it can be concluded that the proposed system is better than the existing system, therefore, it can be recommended for GSM operators in Nigeria and  any developing nation.

Keywords: Green Communication, Hybrid System, Photovoltaic, Reliability and wind turbine.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

  1. A.A. Abdulkafi, T.S. Kiong, D. Chieng, A. Ting, J. Koh, Energy Efficiency Improvements in the Heterogeneous Network through Traffic Load Balancing and Sleep Mode Mechanisms. Wirel. Pers. Commun, 75, 2151?2164, 2014
     Google Scholar
  2. V.A Ani and A. N. Emetu, "Simulation and Optimization of Photovoltaic/Diesel Hybrid Power Generation Systems for Health Service Facilities in Rural Environments." Electronic Journal of Energy & Environment 1.1, 2013
     Google Scholar
  3. A.M Aris, & B.Shabani, ?Sustainable Power Supply Solutions for Off-grid Base Stations. Energies?, 8, 10904?10941, 2015
     Google Scholar
  4. G Auer, et al. ?Energy efficiency analysis of the reference systems, areas of improvements and target breakdown,? EARTH Project Report, Deliverable D2.3, pp. 1-68, 2012
     Google Scholar
  5. B. I. Bakare and T. C Oguichen Appraisal of Green Communication Technology in GSM, International Journal of Electronics Communication and Computer Engineering Volume 9, Issue 3, ISSN (Online): 2249?071X, 2018
     Google Scholar
  6. B.I. Bakare et al. Appraisal of Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) In Nigeria, American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER) e-ISSN: 2320-0847 P-ISSN: 2320-0936.Volume-6, Issue-6, pp-97-102, 2017
     Google Scholar
  7. M.O. Bello. ?Effects of the Location of GSM Base Stations on Satisfaction of Occupiers and Rental Value of Proximate Residentia? 2010
     Google Scholar
  8. S.H. Bukhari, B. ?Asymmetrical fault correction for the Sensitive Loads Using a Currently Regulated Voltage Source Inverter. energies 9, 196 2016.
     Google Scholar
  9. D. Calin, et al. ?On femto deployment architectures and Macrocell Offloading Benefits in Joint Macro-femto Deployments,? IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 26-32, 2010
     Google Scholar
  10. P.J Chung Green Radio the case for more efficient cellular base stations, (slides) UK-Taiwan ICT Workshop: Smart & Green Communications, University of Taiwan, 2010.
     Google Scholar
  11. M. Deruyck, Power consumption model for macrocell and microcell base stations Trans. Emerg. Telecomm. Techno, 25, 320?333, 2014
     Google Scholar
  12. A.M. Eltamaly and A.A. Al-Shamma?a. ?Optimal configuration for isolated hybrid renewable energy systems. J. Renew. Sustain. Energy, 8, 045502, 2016
     Google Scholar
  13. D. Feng.?A Survey of Energy-Efficient Wireless Communications? IEEE Communication Survey. Tutor. 15,2013, 167?178, 2013
     Google Scholar
  14. J. Gambini, and U.Spagnoli, ?Wireless Over Cable For Energy Efficient Femtocell Systems,? In Proceedings Of The IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC ?10), pp. 1464-1468, 2010.
     Google Scholar
  15. Gesi: Global e-Sustainability Initiative: Smart 2020. ?Enabling the Low Carbon Economy in the Information Age?.Retrieved from https://jwcn-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/1687-1499-2012-142 .2008
     Google Scholar
  16. Google search retrieved from http://www.sacredsun.com/solution_112), 2017
     Google Scholar
  17. GSMA.?Community Power: Using Mobile to Extend the Grid,? London, UK, Retrieved From:http://www.Gsma.com/Mobile for development/wpcontent/uploads/2012/05/Community-Power-Using-Mobile-to-Extend-the-Grid.pdf (accessed on 9 March 2018), 2010
     Google Scholar
  18. F. Han, et al. ?Survey of strategies for switching off base stations in heterogeneous networks for greener 5G systems. IEEE, 4, 4959?4973, 2016
     Google Scholar
  19. Hou, Y. and D. I Laurenson. ?Energy efficiency of high QoS heterogeneous wireless Communication network,? in Proceedings of the IEEE 72nd 2010 Vehicular.
     Google Scholar
  20. J. Hoydis, and M. Debbah, ?Green, cost-effective, flexible, small cell networks. IEEE Commun. Soc. MMTC 5, 23?26, 2010
     Google Scholar
  21. M Kundi. and H. P.Hutter. ?Mobile phone base stations-Effects on wellbeing and health Pathophysiology 16 (2009) 123?135, 2009
     Google Scholar
  22. A. Mukherjee et al. ?Femtocell based green power Consumption methods for the mobile network,? Computer Networks, 57(1), pp.62-178, 2013
     Google Scholar
  23. T. C. Ou, C.M.Hong, ?Dynamic operation and control of microgrid hybrid power Systems. Energy, 66, 314?323, 2014
     Google Scholar
  24. F. Richter, et al. ?Traffic demand and energy Efficiency in heterogeneous cellular mobile radio networks,? in Proceedings of the 71st IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC ?10), pp.1-6, (2010
     Google Scholar
  25. Sulyman, A.I.; Nassar, A.; Samimi, M.K.; Maccartney, G.; Rappaport, T.S.; Alsanie, A. (2014) Radio propagation path loss models for 5G cellular networks in the 28 GHz and 38 GHz Millimetre-wave Bands. IEEE Commun. Mag, 52, 78?86.
     Google Scholar
  26. J. Wu, ?Energy-Efficient Base Stations Sleep Mode Techniques in Green Cellular Networks: A Survey. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor, 17, 803?826, 2015
     Google Scholar
  27. Zhang, M., Liu, X., Wang, W., Zhou, M. ?Decomposition analysis of CO2 emissions from electricity generation in China. Energy Policy, 52, 159-165, 2013
     Google Scholar
  28. Y. Zhang, ?Minimum cost solar power systems for LTE macro base stations. Comput. Netw, 112, 12?23, 2017
     Google Scholar
  29. X. Zhang. ?Energy-efficiency study for two-tier Heterogeneous Networks (HetNet) Under Coverage Performance Constraints. Mobile Network. Appl, 18, 567?577, 2013
     Google Scholar


Most read articles by the same author(s)